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ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И ГЛОБАЛИЗМ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ / GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM IN MODERN WORLD / GLOBALISIERUNG UND GLOBALISM IN DER MODERNEN WELT

Яковлев М.В.

Перспективы демократии в современной православной цивилизации

Яковлев Максим Владимирович, кандидат политических наук, докторант кафедры философии политики и права философского факультета МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

E-mail: maxvuz@mail.ru

В статье анализируются возможности демократии в православном мире. Обосновывается авторская позиция, согласно которой в соборной специфике выражаются демократические принципы коллективной воли и общего блага, а перспективы демократизации православных стран связаны с укреплением и расширением общественных связей по линии Церквей, возрождением соборной традиции и развитием парламентских систем.

Ключевые слова: демократия, демократизация, политическая культура, политическое развитие, православная цивилизация, традиционные ценности.

Литература

Андерхилл Д., Барретт С., Бернелл П., Бернем П. Политика: Толковый словарь: Русско-английский / Ред. А. Маклин, И.М. Осадчая. М.: ИНФРА-М, Весь мир, 2001. 762 с. 

Достоевский Ф. М. Полное собрание сочинений в 30 т. Т. 27. Л.: Наука, 1984. 463 с.

Инглхарт Р., Вельцель К. Модернизация, культурные изменения и демократия: Последовательность человеческого развития. М.: Новое издательство, 2011. 464 с.

Острогорский М.Я. Демократия и политические партии. Т. 2: Соединенные штаты Америки / Пер. с фр. А.М. Демьяновой; под ред. и с предисл. Е. Пашуканиса. М.: Коммунистическая академия, 1930. 375 с.

Панарин А. С. Православная цивилизация в глобальном мире. М.: Алгоритм, 2002. 494 с.

Хелд Д. Модели демократии. М.: Дело, 2014. 540 с.

Хомяков А.С. Полное собрание сочинений. М.: Типо-лит. т-ва И.Н. Кушнерев и К°, 1907. Т. 2. 301 с.

Чичерин Б.Н. Курс государственной науки. В 3 ч. Ч. 3. Политика. М.: Типо-лит. Высочайше утвержд. т-ва И.Н. Кушнерев и Кº, 1898. 556 с.

Чичерин Б.Н. О народном представительстве. М.: Тип. т-ва И. Д. Сытина, 1899. 810 с.

Шубарт В. Европа и душа Востока. Франкфурт-на-Майне: Посев. 1974. 123 с.

Arola P., Saarinen R. "In Search of Sobornost and ‘New Symphony’." The Ecumenical Review 54.1 (2002): 130—141.

Biryukov N, Sergeyev V. "Parliamentarianism and Sobornost': Two Models of Representative Institutions in Russian Political Culture." Discourse & Society 4.1 (1993): 57—74.

Marsh C., ed. Burden or Blessing? Russian Orthodoxy and the Construction of Civil Society and Democracy. Boston, MA: CURA, 2004. 203 p.

Marsh C. "Orthodox Christianity, Civil Society, and Russian Democracy." Demokratizatsiya-Washington 13.3 (2005): 449—462.

Papkova I. The Orthodox Church and Russian Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 265 p.

Pejovich S. "The Effects of the Interaction of Formal and Informal Institutions on Social Stability and Economic Development." Journal of Markets & Morality 2.2 (2012): 164—181.

Sidorov D. "Post-Imperial Third Romes: Resurrections of a Russian Orthodox Geopolitical Metaphor." Geopolitics 11.2 (2006): 317—347.

Yakovlev M.V.

Prospects of Democracy in Modern Orthodox Civilization

Maxim V. Yakovlev, Ph.D. (Political Science), doctoral student at the Chair of Philosophy of Politics and Law, Philosophical Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University

E-mail: maxvuz@mail.ru

In today’s scientific community attention to the problem of Russian civilizational identity, not excluding in view of the problem of democracy in non-Western countries is increased both in Russian and among Western scholars. It makes interesting comparative investigation of classical Russian and Western approaches to such special issue, as ‘Sobornost’, which is one of the main concepts among Russian Orthodox models of public life (thus, Fyodor Dostoevsky defined ‘Sobornost’ as ‘nationwide all-brotherly togetherness’).

The main subjects of my article are ideas about possibility of Russian forms of democracy in its correlation with Western one, which have been established in Russian and Western thought in the late 19th — early 20th centuries.

Using institutional, historical and comparative methods, I analyzed views on democracy possibilities in the Orthodox world expressed by Russian and German thinkers, such as Mark Ostrogorsky and Boris Chicherin, and Walter Schubart respectively.

In my article, I show there is reason to consider Russia's traditional model of social life, without opposing them against Western ones (in matters of status of the individual within Russian and Western society). Thus, Sobornost is the qualitative state of a holistic community, in which each individual is as holistic, independent, and valuable, as its environment; within Sobornost, individual is not separated from society, but is united with it, gaining even more importance among his own kind.

Schubart says Russian people’s Sobornost is a manifestation of democracy; thus, in the traditional Russian political order, there are those features that Jean-Jacques Rousseau considered as intrinsic collective agreement. The idea of popular representation is a key element in the writings of Boris Chicherin. This idea means the right of citizens to participate in political governance that is both higher degree of personal freedom, and its guarantee simultaneously. For Chicherin, an indispensable condition of political participation is a moral responsibility. Ostrogorsky considers Western democracy is a means of intimidation of citizens. In order to improve the democratic process, thinker proposes to abandon the old parties in favor of new social organizations. They should be free associations of citizens, movements or league, formed to address specific goals. In the process of governance, it is necessary to give priority not to political institutions, but to personalities, Ostrogorsky says.

Summarizing Chicherin’s, Ostrogorsky’s and Schubart’s judgments, I suppose characteristic of democratic principles of collective will and the common good are expressed in the specificity of ‘Sobornost’ as spiritual collegiality (or union).

I conclude the prospects for the democratization of the Orthodox countries are linked with (i) social ties’ strengthening and expansion through Churches, (ii) both revival of Sobornost’s traditions and parliamentary systems development.

Keywords: democracy, democratization, political culture, political development, the Orthodox civilization, traditional values.

References:

Arola P., Saarinen R. "In Search of Sobornost and ‘New Symphony’." The Ecumenical Review 54.1 (2002): 130—141.

Biryukov N, Sergeyev V. "Parliamentarianism and Sobornost': Two Models of Representative Institutions in Russian Political Culture." Discourse & Society 4.1 (1993): 57—74.

Chicherin B.N. Representation of the People. Moscow: Typography of I.N. Sytin’s Partnership Publisher, 1899. 810 p. (In Russian).

Chicherin B.N. The Course of the State Science. Part 3: Policy. Moscow: Typography of Partnership I.N. Kushnerev & Co. Publisher, 1898. 556 p. (In Russian).

Dostoevsky F.M. Completed Writings. Leningrad: Nauka Publisher, 1984, volume 27. 463 p. (In Russian).

Held D. Models of Democracy. Moscow: Delo Publisher, 2014. 540 p. (In Russian).

Inglehart R., Welzel C. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Moscow: Novoe izdatelstvo Publisher, 2011. 464 p. (In Russian).

Khomyakov A.S. Completed Writings. Moscow: Typography of Partnership I.N. Kushnerev & Co Publisher 1907. Vol. 2. 301 p. (In Russian).

Marsh C. "Orthodox Christianity, Civil Society, and Russian Democracy." Demokratizatsiya-Washington 13.3 (2005): 449—462.

Marsh C., ed. Burden or Blessing? Russian Orthodoxy and the Construction of Civil Society and Democracy. Boston, MA: CURA, 2004. 203 p.

Ostrogorsky M.Ya. Democracy and Political Parties. Volume 2: The United States of America. Ed. E. Pashukanis. Moscow: Kommunisticheskaya akademiya Publisher, 1930. 375 p. (In Russian).

Panarin A.S. Orthodox Civilization in a Global World. Moscow: Algoritm Publisher, 2002. 494 p. (In Russian).

Papkova I. The Orthodox Church and Russian Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 265 p.

Pejovich S. "The Effects of the Interaction of Formal and Informal Institutions on Social Stability and Economic Development." Journal of Markets & Morality 2.2 (2012): 164—181.

Shubart V. Europe and the Soul of the East. Frankfurt-on-Main: Posev Publishing House. 1974. 123 p. (In Russian).

Sidorov D. "Post-Imperial Third Romes: Resurrections of a Russian Orthodox Geopolitical Metaphor." Geopolitics 11.2 (2006): 317—347.

Underhill J., Barrett S., Burnell P., Burnham P. Policy Explanatory Dictionary. Eds. A. McLinn, I.M. Osadchaya Moscow: INFRA-M Publisher, Ves mir Publisher, 2001. 762 p. (In Russian).